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To maintain efficient energy transfer and minimize core losses, modern distribution transformers are structurally engineered to operate at a specific magnetic flux density. In typical grain-oriented silicon steel cores, this operating flux density ranges from 1.5 to 1.7 Tesla (T) under normal load conditions, carefully kept below the core’s magnetic saturation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 0.23 \u0645\u0645 \u06480.35 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (LV) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (HV) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635. \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 - \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u062d\u062a IEC 60076-1<\/a> guidelines governing power transformers, standard liquid-immersed cellulose insulation systems are generally assigned a Class A thermal rating. This classification safely permits a maximum continuous operating hotspot temperature of 105°C. Exceeding this specific thermal threshold accelerates the chemical breakdown of the paper, permanently compromising the unit’s insulation integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 a<\/em>. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0623 = \u0646p<\/sub> \/ Ns<\/sub> = Vp<\/sub> \/ Vs<\/sub> = Is<\/sub> \/ Ip<\/sub><\/strong>, \u062d\u064a\u062b N<\/em> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641, V<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648 I<\/em> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c (\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a 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\u0642\u0635\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 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\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 - \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u2265 31 \u0645\u0645\/\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b - \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The theoretical perfect alternating current sine wave rarely exists in an active distribution grid. Transformers are routinely subjected to transient overvoltages caused by direct atmospheric lightning strikes or the operation of downstream switching equipment. These high-frequency surges travel rapidly down the transmission lines and strike the primary windings with extreme, microsecond voltage spikes. To survive these severe field conditions, the transformer’s internal insulation system must be meticulously designed to withstand its tested Basic Insulation Level (BIL), relying on external surge arresters to safely shunt extreme transients to ground before they puncture the delicate dielectric paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0639\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 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